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Benton to Berclair Benton Associated Dates: 6000 – 4000 Y.B.P.
BENTON POINT THUMBNAIL GALLERY (292 images: 146 source images/146 thumbnails)
End of Benton Thumbnails
ABOVE: BENT01 AND BENT02: Benton point; Georgia; 6.0 inches (150mm); roughly life-sized at right>
ABOVE, L-R: BENT03 AND BENT04: Benton points; no other details; one on the left appears to be typical of the Broad-Stemmed variant
ABOVE: BENT05: Benton point; Stewart Co., Tennessee; 2.25 inches (56.25mm)
ABOVE: BENT06: Benton point; no other details
ABOVE: BENT07: Benton point; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; 2.0 inches (50mm)
ABOVE: BENT08: Benton point; Tennessee; 5.13 inches (128.25mm)
ABOVE: BENT09: Benton point; Clay Co., Mississippi; 5.19 inches (129.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT10: Benton point; Tennessee River, Decatur Co., Tennessee; 2.68 inches (67mm); first of two images
ABOVE: BENT11: second view of Benton point above
ABOVE: BENT12: Benton point; Benton point; northeast Mississippi; 4.38 inches (109.5mm); first of two views
ABOVE: BENT13: second view of Benton point described above
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT14: Benton point; Tennessee River, Clifton Co., Tennessee; 2.0 inches (50mm)
ABOVE: BENT16: Benton point; Stewart Co., Tennessee; 5.25 inches (131.25mm)
ABOVE: BENT17: Benton point; Mississippi; 6.0 inches (150mm)
ABOVE: BENT18: Benton point; no other details
ABOVE: BENT19: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.75 inches (118.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT20: Benton point; Benton Co., Tennessee; 4.75 inches (118.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT21: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.63 inches (115.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT22: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.5 inches (112.5mm); made of Horse Creek chert
ABOVE: BENT23: Benton point; Greene Co., Arkansas; 6.0 inches (150mm)
ABOVE: BENT24: Benton point; northwest Alabama; 4.88 inches (122mm)
ABOVE: BENT25: Tennessee; 3.68 inches (92mm)
ABOVE: BENT26: Benton point; Hardin Co., Tennessee; 4.63 inches (115.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT27: Benton point; Kentucky; 2.63 inches (65.75mm); hornstone; first of two views
ABOVE: BENT28: second view of Benton point described above
ABOVE: BENT29: Benton point; Kentucky; 2.63 inches (65.75mm); first of two views
ABOVE: BENT30: second view of Benton point described above
ABOVE: BENT31: Benton point; Alabama; 1.93 inches (48.25mm); first of two views
ABOVE: BENT32: second view of Benton point described above
ABOVE: BENT33: Benton point with single notch; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; 3.5 inches (87.5mm)
ABOVE: BENT34: Benton point; Georgia; 3.75 inches (93.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT35 AND BENT36: Benton point; Hardin Co., Tennessee; 3.5 inches (87.5mm)
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT37: Benton point; Spencer Co., Indiana; shown actual size; Harrison County chert
ABOVE: BENT39: second of three views of Benton point shown above, right, in frame #38
ABOVE: BENT40: third of three views of Benton point shown above in frame #38
ABOVE: BENT41: Benton point; possibly Wisconsin; 2.63 inches (65.75mm); first of two views
ABOVE: BENT42: second of two views of Benton point above
ABOVE: BENT43: Benton point; Indiana; 3.5 inches (87.5mm); first of three images
ABOVE: BENT44: second of three views of Benton point above
ABOVE: BENT45: third of three views of Benton point above
ABOVE: BENT46: Benton point; Tennessee; 6.63 inches (165.75mm) p align="left"> 
ABOVE: BENT47 AND BENT48: Benton point, “bottleneck” form; Massac Co., Illinois; 3.5 inches (87.5mm)
ABOVE: BENT49: Benton point, probably Broad-Stemmed form; Clay Co., Mississippi; 3.68 inches (92mm)
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT50: Benton point; Maukport, Indiana; 3.25 inches (81.25mm) ABOVE, RIGHT: BENT51: Benton point; Swans Landing, Indiana; 3.63 inches (90.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT52: Benton point; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; no size indicated; Camden chert
ABOVE: BENT53: Benton point; Lee, Co., Mississippi; no size given; yellow jaspe
ABOVE: BENT54: Benton point; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; no size given; Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT55 AND BENT56: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.68 inches (117mm); may be a colour shift here; described as brown Dover chert
ABOVE: BENT57 AND BENT58: Benton point; Davidson Co., Tennessee; 5.38 inches (134.5mm)
ABOVE: BENT59 AND BENT60: Benton point; Chetham Co., Tennessee; 4.25 inches (106.25mm)
ABOVE: BENT61 AND BENT62: Benton point; Webster Co., Kentucky; 4.88 inches (122mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT63 AND BENT64; Benton point; part of a cache (see frames #63 through #70 to see other points from this cache); Tennessee; 5.0 inches (125mm); Dover chert. While the image quality of this series is poor, it serves to demonstrate the basal variations within a single related group of Benton points. These are not regional variations, or temporal variations, but rather simple differences within the form which appear to indicate there was no rigid approach to point-making by the Benton people. “Approximately” the same seems to have been sufficient for the Benton makers. ABOVE, RIGHT: BENT65 AND BENT66: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.88 inches (122mm); part of a cache; see frames #63 through #70 for other Benton points from the same cache
ABOVE: BENT67 AND BENT68: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.13 inches (103.25mm); part of a cache; see frames #63 through #70 for other Benton points from the same cache
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT69: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.5 inches (112.5mm); Buffalo River chert; part of a cache; see frames #63 through # for other Benton points from the same cache ABOVE, RIGHT: BENT70: Benton point; Tennessee; 3.75 inches (93.75mm); Buffalo river chert; part of a cache – see frames #63-#70 for all Benton points from this cache
ABOVE: BENT71 AND BENT72: Benton point, Bottleneck form; Boyle Co., Kentucky
ABOVE: BENT73: Benton point; Jackson Co., Florida; 2.88 inches (72mm)
ABOVE: BENT74: Benton point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 4.06 inches (101.5mm); first of two images
ABOVE: BENT75: second view of Benton point described above
ABOVE, LEFT: BENT76: Benton point; Monroe Co., Mississippi; 2.56 inches (64mm); Tuscaloosa chert
ABOVE: BENT78: second view of Benton points described above in frame #77
ABOVE: BENT79: Benton points; described below from left to right as LEFT1, LEFT2, RIGHT3, RIGHT4 LEFT1: Lee Co., 2.88 inches (72mm); Fort Payne chert LEFT2: Red Bay, Alabama; 2.38 inches (59.5mm) RIGHT1: Lee Co., Mississippi; 2.63 inches (65.75mm); Buffalo River chert RIGHT2: northeast Mississippi; 2.38 inches (59.5mm)
ABOVE: BENT80: Benton point; Limestone Co., Alabama; 2.93 inches (73.25mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT81: Benton point, knife or “Blade” form; both from Monroe Co., Mississippi; both reportedly “killed” blades when found and later repaired. The one on the left is 5.0 inches (125mm); Burlington chert; the one on the right is 5.75 inches (143.75mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT82: Benton points; both Monroe Co., Mississippi; the one on the left is 3.19 inches (79.75mm) and made from fort Payne chert. The one on the right is 3.0 inches (75mm), material not specified. See other side below
ABOVE: BENT83: other side of Benton points described above in frame #82
ABOVE: BENT84 AND BENT85: Benton point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 4.0 inches (100mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT86 AND BENT87: Benton points; both Lee Co., Mississippi;. One of left is 3.63 inches (90.75mm) and made of Fort Payne chert. One on right is 3.5 inches (87.5mm) and made of Buffalo River chert
ABOVE: BENT88: Benton point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 1.63 inches (40.75mm); Horse Creek chert
ABOVE: BENT89 AND BENT90: Benton points; all Lee Co., Mississippi; middle two made from Fort Payne chert. All 3.25 inches (81.25mm) except second from left at 3.19 inches (79.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT91 AND BENT92: Benton points; all from Lee Co., Mississippi. From L-R, LEFT1, LEFT2, RIGHT1, RIGHT2: LEFT1: 2.13 inches (53.25mm) LEFT2: 2.0 inches (50mm); Fort Payne chert RIGHT1: 2.43 inches (60.75mm); Fort Payne chert RIGHT2: 2.31 inches (55.75mm)
ABOVE: BENT93: Benton points; both Lee Co., Mississippi; one on left is 2.13 inches (53.25mm); one on right is 2.0 inches (50mm) and made from Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT94: Benton Notched point variant; Tennessee River, Clifton Co., Tennessee; 2.88 inches (72mm)
ABOVE: BENT95: Benton point; Clay Co., Mississippi; 5.5 inches (137.5mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT96: Benton point; Wayne Co., Tennessee; 2.06 inches (51.5mm); Buffalo River chert
ABOVE: BENT97: Benton point; northern Alabama; 2.25 inches (56.25mm); jasper
ABOVE: BENT98: Benton Blade; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; 3.5 inches (87.5mm); Fort Payne chert; first of three views
ABOVE: BENT99: second of three views of Benton Blade described above in frame #96
ABOVE: BENT100: third of three views of Benton Blade described above in frame #96
ABOVE: BENT101: Benton point, blade form; Lauderdale Co., Alabama; 3.75 inches (93.75mm); Fort Payne chert; first of three views
ABOVE: BENT102: second of three views of Benton point, blade form, described above
ABOVE: BENT103: second of three views of Benton point, blade form, described above
ABOVE: BENT104 AND BENT105: Benton point; Missouri; 5.88 inches (149.3mm)
ABOVE: BENT106: Benton point; no location. Source: Arrowheadhunters dot com, personal collection
ABOVE: BENT107: Benton point; no location. Source: Arrowheadhunters dot com, personal collection
ABOVE: BENT108: Benton point; no location; 3.0 inches (76.2mm). Source: Arrowheadhunters dot com, personal collection
ABOVE: BENT109: Benton point; no location; 3.0 inches (76.2mm). Source: Arrowheadhunters dot com, personal collection
ABOVE: BENT110: Benton point; Mississippi; 4.63 inches (117.6mm); Horse Creek chert
ABOVE: BENT111: Benton point; Davidson Co., Tennessee; 4.5 inches (114.3mm); hornstone
ABOVE: BENT112: Benton blade; Tennessee; 3.25 inches (82.5mm); Horse Creek chert
ABOVE: BENT113: Benton point; Decatur Co., Tennessee; 3.68 inches (93.4mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT114: Benton Knife; Tennessee River, Hardin Co., Tennessee; 6.63 inches (168.4mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT115: Benton point; Hardin Co., Tennessee; 3.0 inches (76.2mm); Buffalo River chert
ABOVE: BENT116: Benton point, described as a knife form; Hardin Co., Tennessee; 4.63 inches (117.6mm); Dover chert
ABOVE: BENT117: Benton Blade; Tennessee; 6.63 inches (168.4mm); Horse Creek chert
ABOVE: BENT118: Benton Blade; Robertson Co., Tennessee; 4.31 inches (109.2mm); jasper
ABOVE: BENT119: Benton point; Davidson Co., Tennessee; 4.31 inches (109.4mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT120: Benton point, a variant referred to colloquially as a “Benton Fishtail;” Lauderdale Co., Alabama; 3.43 inches (87.1mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT121: Benton Blade; Decatur Co., Tennessee; 6.38 inches (162mm); jasper
ABOVE: BENT122: Benton point; Union Co., Mississippi; 5.8 inches (147.3mm); chert
ABOVE: BENT123: Benton, described as knife form; Christian Co., Kentucky; 5.0 inches (127mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT124 AND BENT125: Benton Bottle Neck point; Tennessee; 3.0 inches (76.2mm); Dover chert
ABOVE: BENT126 AND BENT127: Benton Bottle Neck point; Tennessee; 3.5 inches (76.2mm); Fort Payne chert
ABOVE: BENT128 AND BENT129: Benton point; Tennessee; 4.75 inches (120.6mm). Source: Penbrandt.com
ABOVE: BENT130 AND BENT131: Benton Blade; Kentucky; 2.8 inches (71.1mm); hornstone. Source: Penbrandt dot com
ABOVE: BENT131: second of two views of Benton point described above. Source: Penbrandt.com
ABOVE: BENT132 AND BENT133: Benton point, Bottle Neck form; Logan Co., Kentucky; 4.18 inches (106.1mm). Source: Penbrandt dot com
ABOVE: BENT134 AND BENT135: Benton point; Hardin Co., Tennessee; 3.0 inches (76.2mm); Buffalo River chert. Source: Penbrandt dot com
ABOVE: BENT136 AND BENT137: Benton point; Winston Co., Alabama; 2.5 inches (63.5mm); first of three views. Source: Ancient Relics of the Mid-South
ABOVE: BENT138: third of three views of Benton point described above. Source: Ancient Relics of the Mid-South
ABOVE: BENT139 AND BENT140: Benton point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 2.63 inches (66.8mm); Tuscaloosa chert. Source: Ancient Relics of the Mid-South
ABOVE: BENT141 AND BENT142: Benton point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 2.6 inches (66mm); Tuscaloosa chert. Source: Ancient Relics of the Mid-South
ABOVE: BENT143: Benton point; Sumner Co., Tennessee; 5.56 inches (141.2mm); Horse Creek chert; first of four views. Source: Roadrunnerartifacts dot com
ABOVE: BENT144: second of four views of Benton point described above in frame #143. Source: Roadrunnerartifacts dot com
ABOVE: BENT145: third of four views of Benton point described above in frame #143. Source: Roadrunnerartifacts dot com
ABOVE: BENT146: fourth of four views of Benton point described above in frame #143. Source: Roadrunnerartifacts dot com End of Benton Gallery - 146 of 146 Complete |
Benton Broad-Stemmed Associated Dates: 6000 - 4000 Y.B.P. - Middle to Late Archaic Also See: Buzzard Roost Creek, Elk River, Mulberry Creek, Turkeytail Location: Southeastern to Midwestern United States Morphology: Corner Notched or Side Notched
General Description: The Benton Broad-Stemmed point is a medium to very large sized, long, point with a straight to excurvate blade edge outline. The Benton Broad-Stemmed Point has steeply beveled stem edges. The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. The shoulders are narrow and may be horizontal or tapered. The shoulders of the Benton type are never barbed. The blade edges are usually excurvate with the distal end being acute. Some Arkansas examples have a steeply beveled edge on one side of each face of the blade. The stem is usually slightly expanded but may be straight. The stem is very broad and short. The stem's side edges are usually incurvate or straight and are beveled. The beveled basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly concave or convex. The blade and stem exhibit broad, shallow, random flaking. Some broad retouching was used to finish the blade and stem edges. Some specimens show parallel oblique flaking. The stem appears to have been formed by the removal of the corners of the original basal edge. Grinding may or may not be present. The Benton has been found with Turkeytail points at Benton sites in Mississippi. The type is primarily found in Northern Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky and southern Illinois as well as with low frequency in the Ohio Valley and into central Indiana. Buzzard Roost Creek points are a widespread sub-type which share the same time period. The Buzzard Roost has a more deeply concave base and may appear to have wide, shallow corner notches. The Benton has an association with the Big Sandy point type at the Eva site in Tennessee. It is likely that the Benton point served as a knife form, which can been seen by the steeply beveled edges resulting from many resharpenings. Narrow forms of the Benton are referred to as the Elk River type. The size of the Benton Broad-Stemmed point can range from 45 mm to 152 mm in length with the typical point being in the 76 mm range. Average stem thickness is 7 mm with a stem length of 9 mm and stem width of 17 mm. The Benton was named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956 for specimens she found in Benton County, Tennessee.
ABOVE: BENTBS01: Benton Broad-Stemmed point; see description below About The Point Above: The Benton Broad-Stemmed point pictured above was found near Nixon in Hardin County, Tennessee. It is made from a glossy dark grayish brown flint material which has rust colored inclusions. It has large parallel flaking scars on each blade face. Overall, the point measures 68 mm in length, is 28 mm wide (at 37 mm from the base) and is only 6 mm thick at mid blade near the shoulders. The base measures 24 mm in width and the concavity of the base is 1.5 mm in depth. The base is not ground however the entire blade, stem and base are bifacially beveled. Catalog Number 12-20-D
ABOVE: BENTBS02: Benton Stemmed point; see description below About The Point Above: The large Benton Stemmed point pictured above was found in a creek bed near the town of Ramer, McNairy County, Tennessee. It is made from a glossy amber colored jasper or flint with a lighter dull tannish band running through the middle of the blade. Overall, the point measures 92 mm in length, is 31 mm wide (at 29 mm from the base) and is only 9 mm thick at mid blade near the shoulders. The base measures 22 mm in width and the concavity of the base is 1 mm in depth. The base is slighlty ground and the basal edge of the stem and stem sides are beveled. (TEXT SOURCE: Art Gumbus, Lithic-Net)
BENTON BROAD-STEMMED POINT THUMBNAIL GALLERY (10 images: 5 source images/5 thumbnails) End of Benton Broad-Stemmed Thumbnail Gallery - Complete ABOVE: BENTBS03: Benton Broad-Stemmed point; Franklin Co., Alabama; 2.56 inches (64mm) ABOVE: BENTBS04 AND BENTBS05: Benton Broad-Stemmed point; Lee Co., Mississippi; 2.18 inches (55.3mm); Buffalo River chert. Source: Ancient Relics of the Mid-South Benton Double Notched Associated Dates: 6000 – 4000 Y.B.P. Beothuk Associated Dates: European contact to 1829 General Description: The Beothuk were the most recent of a succession of related Native peoples in Newfoundland, Canada, beginning with The Beaches Complex. The sequence may therefore be, from earliest to latest: Beaches Complex, Little Passage Complex, Beothuk (see illustration below for associated dates). ABOVE: BEOTHUK01: Position of the Beothuk relative to other Recent Indian peoples in Newfoundland. Source: Illustration by Duleepa Wijayawardhana based upon data supplied by Dr. Ralph Pastore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland cited on http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/recent.html The primary difference between the sequence’s components can be seen in their respective tool kits. Working backwards: The Beothuk had the same tool kit as the Little Passage but added metals after European contact; the Little Passage Complex differs from the Beaches in that the latter relied on a different lithic base: “Instead of the fine-grained blue-green chert favoured by the Little Passage toolmakers, the Beaches people preferred coarser grained black and brown cherts and a relatively common rock called rhyolite. Rhyolite is much coarser-grained than chert and it cannot be worked as carefully.”* (Source: Memorial University of Newfoundland http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/recent.html) Beaches complex projectile points are larger than those of the succeeding Little Passage Complex and it is surmised that this is not due solely to their choices of lithic materials. Rather, it is possibly because the Beaches Complex is pre-bow-and-arrow and the Little Passage Complex reflects acquisition of the new weapons technology. *[Editor’s Note: this description of the properties of rhyolite may pertain to local rhyolite but should not be taken as an accurate description of all ryolite. The Editor has examples of California rhyolite from ancient tool quarries used in the region for approximately 10,000 years. Experimentally-produced projectile points from this material (and debitage from the process) are so sharp that great care has to be taken in any handling to avoid accidental cuts. And the shaping/thinness of this type of rhyolite produces tools of exceptional quality that rival those made from various cherts.] ABOVE, FAR RIGHT: BEOTHUK04: described as “Beothuk arrowhead” and A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1600; Sandy Point (identified here by the unofficial name used by the archaeological team, Russell’s Point), Newfoundland, Canada (see map, below); 0.86 inch (22mm); image by William Gilbert. Source: The Baccalieu Trail Heritage Corporation http://www.baccalieudigs.ca/index.asp
ABOVE: BEOTHUK05: site of Beothuk camp or village at Sandy Point (identified here by the unofficial name used by the archaeological team, Russell’s Point); various areas of the site produced a variety of dates, indicating use by the Beothuk over a period of at least 600 years. According to a very early 17th century description (1612), the Beothuk were hunting caribou from this camp which was located on the migratory route of the Western Avalon caribou herd. Source: The Baccalieu Trail Heritage Corporation http://www.baccalieudigs.ca/index.asp
ABOVE: BEOTHUK06: described as “Beothuk arrowhead” and A.D. 1400 to A.D. 1650; Sandy Point (identified here by the unofficial name used by the archaeological team, Russell’s Point), Newfoundland, Canada (see map, above); 0.86 inch (22mm); image by William Gilbert. Source: The Baccalieu Trail Heritage Corporation http://www.baccalieudigs.ca/index.asp
ABOVE: BEOTHUK07: former Beothuk camp; looking south across Sandy Point (referred to informally by the investigating archaeological team as Russell’s Point), Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. Source: http://www.baccalieudigs.ca
ABOVE: BEOTHUK08: sketch of a Beothuk house and canoe, Lieutenant’s Lake, Newfoundland, circa 1773, by John Cartwright; Cartwright apparently visited several Beothuk villages. Source: the Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website http://www.heritage.nf.ca End of Beothuk - Complete Berclair Side Notched Associated Dates: 10000 – 9000 Y.B.P. General Description: This is a proposed new point category based on projectile points found at the Buckner Ranch (archaeological site 41BE2), Bee County, Texas. The name is derived from the appellation “Berclair Terrace” assigned to extensive deposits created by two parallel creeks, Blanco and Medio. A “similar” point was found at the Wilson-Leonard Site in the Wilson component which has resulted in a different interpretation of this point form: That it may be a Wilson point variant. However, Perttula (see below) reports this type as having been found at four different Texas sites in strata dated to between 10000 and 9000 B.P. These are described as “stemmed points with deep, moderate to wide side notches that form strongly expanding stems” (Source: The Prehistory of Texas by Timothy K. Perttula; Texas A & M University Press; 2004; ISBN-10 1585441945) BERCLAIR SIDE NOTCHED POINT THUMBNAIL GALLERY (4 images: 2 source images/2 thumbnails)
End of Berclair Thumbnails - Complete
ABOVE: BERC01: Berclair Side Notched points from the Lower Horizon of 41BE2, the Buckner Ranch Site. Source: TARL (Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory) Archives
ABOVE: BERC02: Berclair point; location not provided (information pending). Source: www.texasarrowheads.com End of Berclair - Complete End of Benton to Berclair |
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©2010 J Keffer |
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